Alaskan তুন্দ্রা Wolf
The Canis lupus tundrarum was identified as a subspecies in 1912 দ্বারা zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Interior Alaskan Wolf, while others think it is the same as the Mackenzie Valley নেকড়ে অথবা the Mackenzie তুন্দ্রা Wolf. The Alaskan তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে shares many characteristics with all three.

HABITAT
The Alaskan তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে resides in the তুন্দ্রা regions along the Arctic coast of northern Alaska.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Alaskan তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে is a large নেকড়ে measuring from 50 to 64 in length (nose to end of tail). Its weight can vary in males from 85 to 176 pounds, and in females from 80 to 120 pounds. They are usually seen in light colored to pure white coats, though they also come in dark coats, including black. Their hair is long, though not as long as the European তুন্দ্রা Wolf. They have a heavier dentition than the Interior Alaskan Wolf.

DIET
When possible, it will feed on deer and other ungulates. It also feeds on smaller জন্তু জানোয়ার and vegetation.

BREEDING
The dominant male and female of the pack will mate around February. Gestation lasts anywhere from 62 to 75 days. The female usually gives birth to about 4 pups in a den. The pack will assist in raising them.

Alexander Archipelago Wolf
HABITAT
The Alexander Archipelago wolf, also known as the Canis lupus ligoni, is found in coastal southeast Alaska. A large portion of them reside within Alaska's Tongass National Forest. They can be found on the mainland from Dixon Entrance to Yakutat Bay, and on all the major islands in the Alexander Archipelago except Admiralty, Baranof and Chichagof.

These islands are but the tops of submerged coastal mountains having steep rugged shorelines. They are densely forested and have an abundance of wildlife. Many of the নেকড়ে travel freely between islands, and their ranges may shift significantly over time. This makes it difficult to accurately keep track of their population. This subspecies of নেকড়ে is relatively isolated from other নেকড়ে দ্বারা mountains and water barriers.

CHARACTERISTICS
These "island wolves" are small নেকড়ে with short hair which is usually either black অথবা another rather dark color. They average about 3 1/2 feet long, 2 feet high, weighing 30 to 50 pounds. Taxonomist Goldman described the Alexander Archipelago নেকড়ে as being smaller and having shorter, coarser, and darker hair than নেকড়ে in the northern and interior areas of Alaska.


DIET
Alexander Archipelago নেকড়ে feed primarily on Sitka black-tailed deer. They will also prey on moose, beaver, mustelids, other small mammals, and birds. Researchers have learned in সাম্প্রতিক years that some নেকড়ে packs also spend a surprising amount of time feeding on salmon.
BREEDING
In southeast Alaska, pups are usually born during the last 2 weeks of April. Dens are usually built 4 to 5 weeks prior to the birth, between the roots of trees, in small caves অথবা crevices in rocks, abandoned বীবর lodges, অথবা expanded mammal burrows.

STATUS
নেকড়ে in Alaska have been under attack since the 1940s. A federal poisoning and aerial shooting campaign began following World War II. দ্বারা the mid-1950s the government had greatly reduced নেকড়ে numbers in much of south central and interior Alaska. While poisoning was banned after statehood in 1959, aerial shooting and bounty payments continued through the 1960s.

After the passage of the Federal Airborne Hunting Act in 1972 and the termination of the bounty, নেকড়ে numbers increased. দ্বারা the mid-1970s hunters demanded state-sponsored নেকড়ে control and the Alaska Department of মাছ and Game responded with helicopter shooting programs. Considerable public opposition stopped these state-sponsored programs, but land-and-shoot hunting of নেকড়ে দ্বারা private hunters continued through the 1980s into the early 1990s.

The current population of Alexander Archipelago নেকড়ে is thought to be between 750 and 1,100.


Arctic Wolf
Able to tolerate years of sub-zero temperatures, up to five months of darkness a year, and weeks without food, the arctic নেকড়ে lives in one of the few places on earth where it is নিরাপদ from the greatest threat of all - man. Arctic নেকড়ে inhabit some of the most inhospitable terrain in the world. In April, the air temperature rarely rises above -22 F. The ground is permanently frozen. The arctic নেকড়ে is one of the few mammals that can tolerate these conditions. Details of the animal's life through much of the বছর are virtually unknown.

নেকড়ে usually live in small packs অথবা family groups consisting of a breeding pair, their pups, and their unmated offspring from the prior several seasons. The dominant, অথবা breeding, pair are known as the alpha male and alpha female. They are respected দ্বারা the rest of the pack. All adults in the pack cooperate in feeding and caring for the young.

Throughout the Fall and Winter, arctic নেকড়ে remain on the move. After mating in March, the pregnant female leaves the pack to find a গর্ত to give birth to her pups. She may dig a new one. However, if the ground is frozen, she will be forced to return to an old গর্ত in a cave অথবা rock cleft. The pups are born deaf, blind, and helpless. They are totally dependent on their mother, and she in turn relies on her mate to bring her the খাবার she needs. After a month, the pups are able to eat meat. From then on, the whole pack shares the job of feeding them with regurgitated meat from a kill. The pups may strike out on their own the following year.


The arctic নেকড়ে preys on lemmings and arctic hare, but its most substantial উৎস of খাবার is musk oxen and caribou. Because of the scarcity of grazing plants, জন্তু জানোয়ার must roam a large area in order to find enough খাবার to survive.

They will kill virtually any animal they can catch, and eat every part of it, including skin, fur, and bones. The নেকড়ে have up to 800 square miles in which to খুঁজুন for their prey. When Winter temperatures plummet, the নেকড়ে may follow migrating caribou South.

The arctic নেকড়ে must hunt together in packs when seeking large prey. The caribou অথবা musk oxen are too powerful for any one নেকড়ে to take on alone. দ্বারা the time the pack approaches a herd of oxen out in the open, the chance of a surprise attack is long gone; the herd has already formed a defensive বৃত্ত with the calves in the center. The নেকড়ে must then prowl around the herd forcing the oxen to shift their ground to face them. If the নেকড়ে are successful, the oxen will scatter. The নেকড়ে will then give chase, trying to isolate the young অথবা weak. A musk ox will provide enough খাবার to last the নেকড়ে several days.

The shoulder height of the arctic নেকড়ে varies from 25 to 31 inches. On average, they are about 3 feet tall from head to toe. Their body length may vary from 3 to 5 feet (nose to tail). Their রঙ may range from red, gray, white and black. The approximate weight of a full grown male is 175 pounds. In captivity, an arctic নেকড়ে can live to be over 17 years. However, the average lifespan in the wild is but 7 years.

নেকড়ে in general have been under threat throughout history. The arctic নেকড়ে is the only subspecies still found over the whole of its original range. This is largely because it rarely encounters humans.

The Baffin Island Wolf
It was not until 1943 that the Baffin Island নেকড়ে was recognized as a distinct subspecies দ্বারা zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson. Its trinomial name Canis lupus manningi was taken from zoologist Thomas Henry Manning, OC who had spent a বছর and a half mapping the island.

HABITAT
Baffin Island নেকড়ে are found exclusively on Baffin Island and a few small adjacent islands.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Baffin Island নেকড়ে is the smallest of all arctic wolves. It has a thick white কোট which makes it appear larger than it actually is.

DIET
Baffin Island নেকড়ে are omnivorous creatures and will feed on just about anything if they are hungry enough. However, their major sources of খাবার are lemmings, barren-ground caribou, and the arctic hare. They often hunt either alone অথবা a male and female together.

STATUS
The Baffin Island নেকড়ে is listed as endangered.

Bernard's Wolf
It was not until 1943 that zoologist Rudolph Martin Anderson identified the Bernard's Wolf, also known as the Banks Island Wolf, as the subspecies Canis lupus bernardi. An adult male skin and skull of the নেকড়ে at the National Museum of Canada had been collected দ্বারা Peter Bernard. The নেকড়ে was named after hunter/explorer/fur trader Peter Bernard and his nephew Joseph Bernard.

HABITAT
The Bernard's নেকড়ে reside on Banks Island in the Northwest Territories of Canada. They were previously widespread in the archipelago Victoria, but were annihilated দ্বারা excessive hunting.

CHARACTERISTICS
They are large wolves, standing up to 4 feet tall and 6 feet long from tip of nose to end of tail. They have long thick white hair with a black stripe down their spine. They can weigh anywhere from 60 to 110 pounds.

STATUS
The last Bernard's নেকড়ে seen on Banks Island were in the northwestern regions. During a survey of the southern region of the island taken in March of 1993, no নেকড়ে were found, nor were any fresh নেকড়ে kills nor নেকড়ে tracks seen. The নেকড়ে on Victoria Island were killed off between 1918 and 1952.

British Columbian Wolf
The British Columbian নেকড়ে was classified as subspecies Canis lupus columbianus in 1941 দ্বারা senior biologist Edward Goldman.

HABITAT
It was once found in the greater part of British Columbia, parts of Yukon, Alberta, and southwestern Alaska It crossed territories with the Alexander Archipelago নেকড়ে and the Cascade Mountain Wolf.

CHARACTERISTICS
Canis lupus columbianus was one of the larger subspecies of the Gray নেকড়ে in North America. They weighed between 80-150 pounds, and had long coats which were usually black, often mixed with grey, অথবা brown. They measured roughly 60 to 70 inches in length. It had similarities to both the Alaskan Interior নেকড়ে and the Mackenzie Valley Wolf, though it usually measured smaller than both.

DIET
The British Columbian নেকড়ে fed on hares, birds, deer and other ungulates.

STATUS
Hunted to extinction.

Cascade Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Brown Wolf, the Canis lupus fuscus was recognized as a gray নেকড়ে subspecies দ্বারা Sir John Richardson, M.D. in 1839.

HABITAT
At one time, it could be found along the Cascades, from Southwestern Canada down to Northern California.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Cascade Mountain নেকড়ে was similar in size to both the Northern Rocky Mountains নেকড়ে and the Southern Rocky Mountains Wolf. It was of medium size, averaging 3 feet tall, 4 to 5 feet in length, and 80 to 90 pounds. The "fuscus" in the wolf's latin name refers to its greyish-brown কোট which occasionally would have a touch of red and/or sprinkles of black.

STATUS
Because of government sponsered bounties and the hostility of settlers toward the Cascade Mountain Wolf, it eventually became extinct দ্বারা 1940.


Canis lupus lycaon, commonly known as the eastern timber wolf, was the first gray নেকড়ে subspecies to be identified in North America in 1775. Fairly সাম্প্রতিক molecular studies have suggested it as being a distinct species of its own, the Canis lycaon. There has not, however, been any official change in classification.

HABITAT
The eastern timber নেকড়ে was at one time found as far south as Florida and as far west as Minnesota. It still occupies over 40% of its original range in Canada. However, it is found mainly around the Great Lakes and St. Lawrence regions of southeast Ontario and southwest Quebec in remote, forested areas. Their greatest concentration is in Algonquin Park in Ontario.

Eastern Timber Wolf
The eastern timber নেকড়ে does not always make use of shelters except when rearing offspring. Their shelters will always be near a water source. The territory of their pack may cover anywhere from 20 to 120 square miles.

CHARACTERISTICS
Eastern timber নেকড়ে come in a variety of রঙ from white to grey and from brown to black. They often have a reddish-brown muzzle and lower legs with white, grey, and black on their back. Smaller than the common gray wolf, they weigh anywhere from 50 to 100 lbs. The average adult male weighs 75 lbs. and the average adult female weighs 60 lbs. They measure 5 to 5 1/2 feet in length (tip of nose to end of tail) and 25 to 36 inches in height.


DIET
In the winter, the timber নেকড়ে feeds mainly on large জন্তু জানোয়ার such as white-tailed deer, moose, elk, and caribou. Other times of the year, its diet will include smaller জন্তু জানোয়ার such as rodents and fish.

BREEDING
Eastern timber নেকড়ে breed in late winter. Like most other wolves, usually just the dominant male and female of the pack that breed. This helps keep up the strength of the pack. A liter of about five অথবা six pups is born two months later in a den. They are deaf and blind, and weigh about a pound each. Growing several pounds a week, they start seeing at two weeks and hearing at three weeks. At six weeks, the pups are fed solid খাবার regurgitated দ্বারা the adults. দ্বারা the end of the summer, the pups are close to full grown and blend in with the pack.

STATUS
As with other wildlife, human activity is the greatest threat to the eastern timber wolf. They came close to being extinct in the United States in the early 1900s. Today, they survive in only 3 percent of their original habitat in the United States. The only state where they are not listed as endangered is Minnesota where they are listed as threatened.

The Great Plains Wolf
Also known as the buffalo wolf, the Great Plains নেকড়ে is the most common subspecies of the gray নেকড়ে in the continental United States. It was originally identified as a separate species Canis nubilus দ্বারা Thomas Say in 1823 and was re-classified as subspecies Canis lupus nubilus in 1841 দ্বারা Prince Maximilian of Wied-Neuwied.

HABITAT
The Great Plains নেকড়ে at one time had the largest range of any subspecies in North America, inhabiting most of the Western United States, southeastern Alaska, and central and northeastern Canada. However, দ্বারা the 1930s, the subspecies had been almost totally eradicated from the United States. দ্বারা the mid-1960s, just a few still survived in northeastern Minnesota along the Ontario border. It is currently found in the western Great Lakes region of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Upper Michigan and Ontario. The size of the wolf's territory can vary depending on the type and availability of prey.

CHARACTERISTICS
Great Plains নেকড়ে vary from 4 1/2 to 6 1/2 feet long from nose to end of tail, and weigh between 60 and 110 pounds. The female is roughly 80 percent the size of the male. Their কোট is usually a blend of grey, black, brown, buff, অথবা red. They travel in packs of 5 অথবা 6 নেকড়ে on average.


DIET
The Great Plains নেকড়ে preys on white-tailed deer, moose, snowshoe hare, small birds, and rodents such as beaver.

BREEDING
To maintain the strength of the pack, usually only the alpha male and female reproduce. Mating season usually occurs from early January through late February at such northern climates. Roughly 63 days after mating, the mother will give birth to 4 to 6 pups in a den. They become fully grown in 6 to 8 months and are sexually mature দ্বারা about 22 months.

STATUS
It was believed the Great Plains নেকড়ে had become extinct দ্বারা 1926. However, later studies showed নেকড়ে found in Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Upper Michigan to be descendants of the Canis lupus nubilus. Even then, their number became fewer and fewer until they were federally protected as an endangered species in 1974. Because of being federally protected, their population in Minnesota had become large enough to be reclassified as just threatened in 1978.

দ্বারা 2009, the number of নেকড়ে in the Great Lakes region had climbed to an estimated 2,922 in Minnesota, 580 in Michigan, and 626 in Wisconsin. In response, the মাছ and Wildlife Service removed these 4,000 নেকড়ে from the endangered species list. As a result, the agency was sued দ্বারা 5 environmental and animal protection groups and forced to return the নেকড়ে to the তালিকা - at least temporarily. The মাছ and Wildlife Service still believes that the নেকড়ে in the western Great Lakes region have met the recovery criteria and don't need to be listed.


The Greenland Wolf
The Greenland নেকড়ে has been described as a white to pale colored নেকড়ে very similar to the Arctic নেকড়ে and resides in Greenland. It was classified as a distinct subspecies in 1935 দ্বারা British zoologist Reginald Innes Pocock.

With that said, there is no available evidence to suggest that the Greenland নেকড়ে still exists অথবা ever did. In fact, the validity of the subspecies Canis lupus orion is doubted দ্বারা many scientists. It seems unlikely that the Greenland নেকড়ে has at any time developed subspecies characteristics distinct from its Canadian counterpart. The lighter weight of these নেকড়ে in Greenland is very likely due to malnutrition rather than a morphological difference between the Canis lupus orion and high Arctic তুন্দ্রা wolves.

It is generally acknowledged that the Greenland নেকড়ে are migrants from Canada (Vibe, 1967), and the documented reports of নেকড়ে on the sea ice in both the northern and southern parts of Nares Strait suggest that this migration is frequent and still persists (Dawes, 1978). If the Greenland নেকড়ে is an actual subspecies, it is most likely extinct.

The Hudson উপসাগর Wolf
Sometimes referred to as the তুন্দ্রা wolf, the Hudson উপসাগর নেকড়ে was classified as the gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus hudsonicus in 1941 দ্বারা senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.

HABITAT
They are found in Canada, west of Hudson উপসাগর from Northern Manitoba through the Northwest Territories and above, sometimes migrating south in the winter with the caribou herds.

CHARACTERISTICS
Hudson উপসাগর নেকড়ে are of medium size with body lengths of 4 to 5 feet on average, and measuring from 28 to 36 inches high. Their weight may vary anywhere from 80 to 140 pounds, with females being slightly smaller than males.

They have bushy hair that can vary from a light grey to a yellowish-white অথবা cream color. Their hair seems to be lighter in the winter. They are ব্যক্ত to be similar in general to the Mackenzie Valley wolf, only smaller.


DIET
Hunting in packs, they will prey on large ungulates such as caribou, moose and bison. When large prey is not as plentiful, they will also feed on carrion and smaller animals. On average, they require about 10 pounds of meat per day.

BREEDING
Mating usually occurs in the spring between the alpha pair of the pack. Gestation lasts 62 to 65 days, after which the mother gives birth to an average of 4 to 6 pups. They are brown in color and deaf and blind for the first 10 days. After several weeks, they begin to leave the den, but are still breastfed for 2 to 3 months. All members of the pack participate in raising the young. They reach full maturity দ্বারা 2 years.

STATUS
The status of the Hudson উপসাগর নেকড়ে has not been evaluated দ্বারা the IUCN. Though it is considered দ্বারা many to be endangered. Its lifespan in the wild is approximately 10 years.

The Interior Alaskan Wolf
The Interior Alaskan Wolf, also known as the Yukon Wolf, was classified as the Canis lupus pambasileus in 1905 দ্বারা zoologist Daniel Elliot. It is among the largest নেকড়ে in North America, if not the largest. Some believe that it is just an extension of the Alaskan তুন্দ্রা Wolf.

HABITAT
They are distributed throughout the interior of Alaska and the Yukon, except the তুন্দ্রা region of the arctic coast.

CHARACTERISTICS
Interior Alaskan নেকড়ে are usually of a darker color, most often black অথবা black mixed with either brown, gray, অথবা white. They are very large wolves, measuring 5 to 7 feet in length from tip of nose to end of tail. They are at present the largest নেকড়ে in North America and possible the world.

DIET
Some of what they feed on are caribou, moose, dall sheep, hares, and ground squirrel.

The Kenai Peninsula Wolf
Kenai Peninsula নেকড়ে were the largest নেকড়ে in North America before humans drove them to extinction. They were identified as subspecies Canis lupus alces in 1941 দ্বারা senior biologist Edward Goldman using only skeletal findings.

HABITAT
They inhabited the Kenai Peninsula and adjacent areas in Alaska.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Kenai Peninsula নেকড়ে measured from 5 to 7 feet in length (nose to end of tail), 35 to 44 inches shoulder height, and weighed 150 to 200 pounds.

DIET
It fed largely on moose which is how its scientific name Canis lupus alces was derived. It would also feed on other large ungulates.

EXTINCTION
নেকড়ে were plentiful on the Kenai Peninsula in the late 1890's. However, the স্বর্ণ rush brought prospectors to the area, and দ্বারা 1915 নেকড়ে were almost completely exterminated দ্বারা means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. It became extinct দ্বারা 1925.

The Labrador Wolf
The Labrador নেকড়ে was identified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus labradorius দ্বারা biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. Because of its elusiveness and the vast, rugged land it occupies, it is one of the least studied নেকড়ে in the world. Labrador নেকড়ে are also rarely photographed in the wild.

HABITAT
They still inhabit nearly all of their historic range in Labrador and Northern Quebec.

CHARACTERISTICS
They are medium size নেকড়ে with dark gray to nearly white fur. Similar in general only larger than the Canis lupus lycaon of southwest Quebec and the Great Lakes region.

DIET
Labrador নেকড়ে hunt one of the largest herds of caribou in the world. They also prey on moose, musk ox, hares, beaver, and other rodents and fish.

STATUS
Endangered.


The Mackenzie তুন্দ্রা Wolf
Originally identified as subspecies Canis lupus mackenzii in 1943 দ্বারা Canadian zoologist Rudolph Anderson, the Mackenzie তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে was reclassified in 1992 as being a member of the subspecies Canis lupus occidentalis. It also has similarities to Canis lupus tundarum and Canis lupus pambsileus.

HABITAT
It resides East of the Mackenzie River in the Northwest Territories of Canada from the arctic coast to south of Great ভালুক Lake. Signs of them have been found as far south as Great Slave Lake.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Canis lupus mackenzii is a medium size wolf, measuring roughly 60 to 65 in in length from nose to end of tail. They can range in color anywhere from white to yellowish white to grey to black অথবা a blend of all of these.

DIET
The main উৎস of খাবার is caribou. They will also feed on rodents and salmon.

STATUS
The Mackenzie তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে is endangered.


The Mackenzie Valley Wolf
The Canis lupus occidentalis which also goes দ্বারা the Mackenzie Valley wolf, the Alaskan timber wolf, the Canadian timber wolf, অথবা the rocky mountain wolf, was classified as a gray নেকড়ে subspecies in 1829 দ্বারা Sir John Richardson, M.D. It is one of the largest নেকড়ে subspecies in North America.

HABITAT
Mackenzie Valley নেকড়ে inhabit much of western Canada and Alaska including Unimak Island. In 1995-96, they were brought from Canada to restore populations in Yellowstone National Park and central Idaho. In Alaska, নেকড়ে packs are usually 6 to 12 wolves, though some packs may be as large as 20 to 30. Their territories in Alaska average about 600 square miles. In Yellowstone, pack size averages 9.2 নেকড়ে with average territory size of 348 square miles. In Idaho, pack size averages 11.1 with territories averaging 364 square miles.

CHARACTERISTICS
Average males weigh between 100 and 145 pounds with females weighing roughly 10 to 20 percent less. The heaviest on record was caught in Alaska in 1939, weighing 175 pounds. Though the গিনেস book of Animal World Records mentions an unconfirmed specimen weighing 230 pounds. They measure 32 to 36 inches shoulder height and 5 to 7 feet in length, from the tip of the nose to the end of the tail. Their long, powerful legs allow them to travel as far as 70 miles a day, and through rough terrain like deep snow. They can reach speeds of up to 40 miles an ঘন্টা for short periods of time. Their skull measures about 12 inches long. A combination of powerful jaw and neck muscles allows them to break অস্থি and bring down large prey.


DIET
The size of Mackenzie Valley নেকড়ে is partially due to their large abundance of food. They will prey on wood bison, elk, caribou, musk ox, moose, Dall sheep, Sitka black-tailed deer, mountain goat, beaver, ground squirrel, vole, snowshoe hare, lemmings, and salmon.

BREEDING
Breeding season usually occurs in February. The dominant male and female of the pack breed in attempt to keep up the strength of the pack. Usually 63 days after breeding, 4 to 6 pups are born. They leave the গর্ত in 4 to 6 weeks, and দ্বারা fall, they are large enough to travel and hunt with the pack. They become full-grown in 6 to 8 months, and sexually mature at about 22 months.

STATUS
Like most other wolves, human activity (hunting, trapping, etc.) is দ্বারা far the greatest threat. However, protection প্রদত্ত to the Mackenzie Valley নেকড়ে has allowed its population to increase drammatically. The নেকড়ে population in Alaska was estimated between 7,000 and 10,000 in 2006. নেকড়ে population in the northern Rocky Mountains (Greater Yellowstone Area, NW Montana, and Idaho) was estimated to be about 1200 and increasing. The U.S. মাছ and Wildlife Services has decided to remove the gray নেকড়ে from the federal endangered তালিকা in the Northern Rockies and the western Great Lakes. Courts have overturned attempts in the past to remove them from the list. Legal battles are expected.

The Manitoba Wolf
Though the Manitoba নেকড়ে was officially classified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus griseoalbus দ্বারা zoologist Spencer Baird in 1858, many specialists never recognized it as a separate নেকড়ে subspecies. It is also known as the elusive wolf, the Saskatchewan timber wolf, and the grizzly wolf.

HABITAT
They supposedly reside in Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba, Newfoundland, and the Northwest Territories of Canada.

CHARACTERISTICS
Manitoba নেকড়ে have been described as large size grey and white wolves. They are believed দ্বারা many to simply be Hudson উপসাগর wolves.

DIET
Their main খাবার উৎস is caribou.

STATUS
If the Manitoba wolf's status isn't the same as the Hudson উপসাগর wolf's (which is endangered), then it is probably আরো likely to be extinct.

The Mexican Gray Wolf
Until the 1900s, the Mexican gray নেকড়ে had ranged throughout Central Mexico, Arizona, New Mexico, and Western Texas. Settlers at this time began hunting the wolf's prey, forcing the নেকড়ে to turn to feeding on the settler's livestock. This in turn lead to the settlers hunting the wolf.

দ্বারা the 1950s, the Mexican নেকড়ে was virtually wiped out in the United States দ্বারা private trappers and government agencies. The last wild Mexican নেকড়ে known of in the United States was shot in 1970. In 1976, they were listed as endangered. Their number has since been increased through captive breeding, and they have been re-released into the wild, though they are still a very rare mammal in the wild.

When in the wild, the নেকড়ে feeds primarily on deer, antelope, rabbits and other small rodents. As the smallest subspecies of gray wolf, the Mexican gray নেকড়ে varies in size from 50 to 64 inches long (nose to tail), 24 to 32 inches shoulder height, and weighs from 50 to 90 pounds. It's কোট is usually a blend of black, white, and grey. They form in packs which usually consist of a breeding pair and their offspring. Just like the Canis Lupus, all members of the pack help in raising the young.


The Mogollon Mountain Wolf
Also known as the Southwestern নেকড়ে অথবা Mogollon Mountain wolf, the Mongollon নেকড়ে was classified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus mongolonensis দ্বারা biologist Edward A. Goldman in 1937. It was named after the Mogollon Indians of Arizona and New Mexico.

HABITAT
It inhabited Mogollon Plateau region of central of central Arizona, east through the Mogollon Mountains in southeast New Mexico to the Sacramento Mountains in central New Mexico.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Mogollon নেকড়ে was a small to medium size, slightly smaller than the Texas gray নেকড়ে on average, but larger that the Mexican gray.

STATUS
The Mogollon Mountain নেকড়ে was driven to extinction দ্বারা 1935.


The Newfoundland Wolf
The Newfoundland নেকড়ে subspecies was not formally described until 1937 দ্বারা zooligists G. M. Allen and Thomas Barbour, after it had already been led to extinction. Its scientific name Canis lupus beothucus was taken from the Beothuck, the native inhabitants of Newfoundland who were officially declared extinct দ্বারা 1829.

HABITAT
The Newfoundland নেকড়ে lived on the island of Newfoundland off the east coast of Canada. সাম্প্রতিক evidence has suggested that the first নেকড়ে to inhabit the island may have been there prior to the last ice age, surviving the ice age in refugia, south of the glacial ice sheet.


CHARACTERISTICS
The Newfoundland নেকড়ে was a medium to large নেকড়ে up to 5.5 feet long (nose to end of tail) and up to 100 pounds. It was ব্যক্ত to be white, with a black stripe down its spine.

DIET
Caribou was the principle diet of the Newfoundland wolf. It also fed on beaver, vole, and other Rodentia.

EXTINCTION
Although hunting, trapping, and vigorous predator control methods were used on the Newfoundland wolf, it is believed to have been led to extinction mainly দ্বারা a sudden খাবার shortage in the early 1900's when the Newfoundland caribou population drastically dropped from as many as 120,000 to as few as 5,000-6,000. The last wild নেকড়ে on the island was shot দ্বারা 1911. However, it wasn't until 1930 that it was officially listed as extinct.

The Northern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Northern Rocky Mountain নেকড়ে was classified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus irremotus in 1937 দ্বারা senior biologist Edward A. Goldman.

HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Northern Rocky Mountain নেকড়ে is a light colored নেকড়ে of medium to large size, averaging from 85 to 115 pounds. The largest found on record was 145 pounds.

DIET
বাইসন made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of বাইসন were wiped out. So, when the নেকড়ে were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.

STATUS
It was removed from the federal তালিকা of endangered species in 2008

The Southern Rocky Mountain Wolf
The Southern Rocky Mountain Mountain নেকড়ে was classified as a gray নেকড়ে subspecies in 1937 দ্বারা senior biologist Edward A. Goldman. It was প্রদত্ত the Latin name Canis lupus youngi in recognition of Stanley P. Young who worked for the U.S. Government in overseeing extermination of the wolf. Go figure.

HABITAT
They were found throughout the Rocky Mountain region from Northern Utah and Southern Wyoming, south through Utah and Western Colorado To Northern Arizona and Northern New Mexico. They then became আরো and আরো dispersed going west to Central Nevada and as far south as the Providence Mountains in Southern California.

CHARACTERISTICS
In size, they varied from medium to somewhat large, similar to the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf. They were 4 feet to over 5 feet in length, averaging about 90 pounds, though they were found weighing up to 125 pounds. They had light buff colored fur, similar to the Great Plains wolf.

STATUS
The Southern Rocky Mountain নেকড়ে officially became extinct in 1935 from excessive hunting, trapping, and poisoning.

The Texas Gray Wolf
The Texas gray নেকড়ে was classified as subspecies Canis lupus monstrabilis in 1937 দ্বারা biologist Edward A. Goldman. It became extinct just 5 years later in 1942.

HABITAT
It could once be found from southeastern New Mexico throughout central Texas, all the way down to the Mexican border and into Louisiana.

CHARACTERISTICS
On average, they had a small to medium build. Though they were not quite as small as the Mexican wolf. Most were of a rather dark color, though some specimens have shown that they were occasionally white.

DIET
বাইসন made up a large portion of its diet until the herds of বাইসন were wiped out. So, when the নেকড়ে were forced to switch over to feed on cattle, they were intentionally driven to extinction.

STATUS
Though the Texas Gray নেকড়ে is considered দ্বারা many to be a distinct subspecies, other versions of নেকড়ে taxonomy recognized the subspecies as belonging to either Canis lupus baileyi অথবা Canis lupus nubilus. As stated above, they became extinct just 5 years after first being recognized as a separate subspecies.

The Vancouver Island Wolf
The Vancouver Island নেকড়ে was identified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus crassodon দ্বারা zoologist E. Raymond Hall, PhD. in 1932.

HABITAT
Its original habitat extended from the Northern Rocky Mountains to Southern Alberta in Canada.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Vancouver Island নেকড়ে is of medium sized, measuring roughly 26 to 32 inches high, 4 to 5 feet from nose to end of tail, and weighing 65 to 90 pounds. It is usually a mix of grey, brown, and black. Occasionally, they are seen pure white.

DIET
The two principal prey of the Vancouver Island নেকড়ে are the Columbian black-tailed deer and the Roosevelt elk. It also feeds on Eastern Cottontail Rabbit which were brought to the island in 1964.

BREEDING
Breeding season for this নেকড়ে comes in January.

STATUS
The Vancouver Island নেকড়ে disappeared from some surrounding islands like Salt Spring Island in the 1800's. In 1970, they wereadded tothe Canadian Wildlife Federations "Endangered Wildlife in Canada" list. 1973 Vancouver Island's নেকড়ে sighting program started with a count of 37 wolves, 1976 Vancouver Island নেকড়ে Populations had seemed to rebound with a count of 88 wolves,and in 1977 they were removed from the provincial Threatened and Endangered Species list.

The North American Red Wolf
The red নেকড়ে Canis lupus rufus is the only surviving নেকড়ে that evolved in North America. It was originally identified in 1851 দ্বারা naturalists John Audubon and John Bachman as the species Canis rufus, distinct from the gray নেকড়ে Canis lupus. However, there is a present dispute between biologists, over whether the red নেকড়ে is a true species অথবা a hybrid caused দ্বারা the interbreeding of coyotes and gray wolves.

In defense of the red wolf's right to claim its own species, though early specimens suggest that it began to interbreed with the coyote Canis latrans around 1900, there is really no evidence that the red নেকড়ে originated as a hybrid of the gray নেকড়ে and coyote.

A common belief is that the coyote, the gray নেকড়ে and Eastern North American নেকড়ে all decended from one prehistoric ancestor, the Canis edwardii of the Pleistocene epoch. The Eastern North American নেকড়ে are then believed to have evolved into the eastern নেকড়ে of today and the red wolf. However, with all that said, the red নেকড়ে has been most recently classified in 2005 as the gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus rufus. In addition, Canis edwardii is most recently believed to have evolved into the Canis armbrusteri

HABITAT
Red নেকড়ে were once present throughout the southeastern United States from the Atlantic Coast to central Texas and from the Gulf Coast to central Missouri and southern Illinois. It may have occurred as far north as Maine. The red wolf's natural প্রথমপাতা could vary from 25 to 50 square miles. Any land which provides adequate food, water, and heavy vegetation would provide viable habitat for red wolves.

CHARACTERISTICS
Red নেকড়ে are smaller than gray wolves, with a আরো slender and elongated head and shorter coarser fur. In comparison to the coyote, they are larger and আরো robust with longer legs and larger ears. The red নেকড়ে measurements range from 15 to 16 inches shoulder height, 55 to 65 inches in length (nose to end of tail), weighing anywhere from 40 to 90 pounds. Its color is usually mainly brown with blended রঙ ranging from cinnamon red to almost black. Light markings above the eyes are also common.


DIET
The red নেকড়ে is known to hunt mainly at dusk and/or dawn. They feed mostly on small to medium জন্তু জানোয়ার such as grouse, raccoons, rabbits, hares, rodents, carrion and domestic livestock. They also prey on young white-tailed deer when available. Other than prarie chickens, the red নেকড়ে very seldom feeds on birds.

BREEDING
Mating season occurs in February and March, and gestation lasts about 60 days. In April অথবা May, an average of 3 to 6 pups are born. They usually remain with pack for 15 to 20 months and reach sexual maturity at about 22 months. Both the mother and father usually mate for life and both participate in rearing their offspring. The direct family is usually what makes up the pack. Their dens are formed around dense vegetation, a river bank, in a hollow বৃক্ষ stump, অথবা an abandonded গর্ত of some other creature.

STATUS
Between 1900 and 1920, red নেকড়ে were annihilated from most of the eastern portion of their range দ্বারা means of predator control programs using poison, along with heavy hunting and trapping. দ্বারা 1980, the Canis rufus that used to inhabit almost all of the southeastern United States was declared extinct in the wild.

40 red নেকড়ে were captured in the late 1970's and of those, 14 were found to be genetically pure and were used for captive breeding. Since 1987, hundreds of red নেকড়ে have been reintroduced to the wild. However, they are still seen as unwanted intruders দ্বারা some people and are hunted down. In addition, the threat of hybridization with the Coyote still exists.


The Florida Red Wolf
The Florida Red নেকড়ে was a subspecies of the Canis_rufus which is believed দ্বারা some to be a direct descendent of Canis edwardii the first North American canine clearly identifiable as a wolf. The Florida Red নেকড়ে which was identified as the red নেকড়ে subspecies Canis rufus floridus in 1912 দ্বারা zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller was also known as the Cottontail Red নেকড়ে and the Black Wolf. They were usually found either in pairs অথবা small family groups rather than in packs.

HABITAT
The Florida Red নেকড়ে is known to have inhabited areas of Maine and Ohio down to Florida and Alabama.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Florida Red নেকড়ে weighed from 44 to 88 pounds and measured 26 to 31 inches high at the shoulder. Many of these নেকড়ে found in Georgia and Tennesee were black which is where they got the name Black Wolf.

STATUS
The Canis lupus floridanus has been extinct since 1921.

The Swamp Wolf
The Canis lupus gregoryi, also known as the swamp wolf, the Mississippi Valley red wolf, অথবা gregor's red wolf, was identified as a red নেকড়ে subspecies in 1937 দ্বারা Edward A. Goldman. It is believed to be the linking species between the Red নেকড়ে and the Florida Red Wolf.

HABITAT
Once inhabited southwestern Indiana, southern Missouri, and eastern Oklahoma to southern Mississippi, central Louisiana, and the Big Thicket of southeast Texas.

CHARACTERISTICS
The wolf's face was black and gray, changing to black and reddish yellow on শীর্ষ of its head. The upper parts from the back of the neck to the rump and tail were reddish, mixed অথবা with black. The legs were reddish orange, becoming paler on feet, and a conspicuous black line along external surface of forearm. The ears were reddish brown, mixed with black. Its throat, lips, and chin were white. It has been described as being larger, but আরো slender than other red wolves, weighing on average 60 to 70 pounds.

STATUS
Canis rufus gregoryi was declared extinct in the wild দ্বারা 1970. Though it may be represented in captivity অথবা the reintroduced population in North Carolina.

The Arabian Wolf
Standing approximately 26 inches shoulder height and weighing an average of 40 pounds, the Arabian নেকড়ে is the smallest নেকড়ে subspecies, yet, the largest canid in Arabia. They have short greyish-beige hair which becomes much longer and thicker in winter. Their ears are large in comparison to the rest of it's body (similar to the maned wolf). Their eyes are naturally yellow with black pupils. However, many are found with brown eyes, revealing that somewhere down the line their ancestors have interbred with feral dogs.

It is endangered in Arabia, and extinct in the United Arab Emerites. Because of a scarcity of food, they are found in packs only during mating season from October to December, অথবা when খাবার is plentiful. It will kill জন্তু জানোয়ার up to the size of a goat, but usually feeds on carrion, small birds, rodents, reptiles and insects. It also eats fruits and plants when meat is scarce. They dig burrows in the sand to protect themselves from the sun, and hunt mainly at night.

The only time that Arabian নেকড়ে are known to be territorial is when their pups are born. The litter size can be as large as 12, but is usually only 2 অথবা 3. They are blind at birth and weaned at about eight weeks when the parents start regurgitating খাবার for them.

The European Gray Wolf
The European নেকড়ে Canis lupus lupus, also known as the common gray wolf, was the first identified subspecies of the gray wolf. It was described দ্বারা Carl Linnaeus in his Systema Naturae, in 1758.
HABITAT
It is present in Eastern and Central ইউরোপ and Central Asia. It still covers the greatest range among all gray নেকড়ে subspecies. The size of their territories depends on the abundance of খাবার and water. They are very adaptable to different environments.

CHARACTERISTICS
On average, European gray নেকড়ে weigh from 70 to 130 pounds and can measure up to 39 inches at shoulder height. They can vary in length from 40 to 65 inches with females about twenty per cent smaller than males. Their পশম is known to be shorter and আরো dense as compared to the North American wolf. Their রঙ range from white, cream, red, grey and black, sometimes with all রঙ combined.

DIET
Gray নেকড়ে feed on ungulates and rodents, fruits, berries, and fish. Depending on availability of prey, gray নেকড়ে may অথবা may not hunt in packs.
BREEDING
Breeding seasons vary from January in low latitudes to April in high latitudes. The female will give birth to 4-7 pups after 61-63 days of gestation. To maintain the strength of the pack, only the dominant pair mate. However, all members of the pack are involved in raising the young.

STATUS
Mortality factors affecting নেকড়ে include persecution দ্বারা humans, killing দ্বারা other wolves, diseases, parasites, starvation, and injuries দ্বারা prey. The average lifespan in the wild is between 7 and 10 years.

The Hokkaido Wolf

The Hokkaido নেকড়ে অথবা the Canis lupus hattai, formerly known as Canis lupus rex, was also known as the Ezo নেকড়ে অথবা Ezoookami. It was classified as a subspecies of the gray নেকড়ে in 1931 দ্বারা Japanese arachnologist Kyukichi Kishida. Hokkaido নেকড়ে are descendants from mainland Siberian wolves.


HABITAT
They once inhabited the Japanese island of Hokkaido, Russia's island of Sakhalin and Kamchatka Peninsula, and the Kuril islands.

CHARACTERISTICS
As compared to the Honshu Wolf, the Hokkaido নেকড়ে আরো closely related to the standard gray নেকড়ে in size, dimensions, and other characteristics. They were usually a light grey অথবা tannish grey in color.

DIET
The Hokkaido নেকড়ে fed mainly on deer, rabbits, and birds.


EXTINCTION
A large number of deer starved to death in 1878 because of a heavy snow, having a great negative affect on the Ezo Wolf. In addition, the নেকড়ে were deliberately poisoned with strychnine দ্বারা farmers who viewed the নেকড়ে as a threat to their livestock. A bounty was placed on the নেকড়ে which officially became extinct in 1889.

Since then, there have been people claiming to see the Ezo Wolf. However, none of these sightings have been verified.

The Honshu Wolf
The Honshu নেকড়ে was identified in 1839 as the gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus hodophilax দ্বারা Dutch zoologist Coenraad Temminck. It was also known as the Hondo wolf, the yamainu, and the mountain dog.

HABITAT
It lived on the Japanese islands of Honshu, Shikoku, and Kyushu primarily in remote mountain areas.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Honshu নেকড়ে was the world's smallest wolf, standing just over a foot at the shoulder and measuring 35 inches from nose to end of the tail. They had short wiry hair and a thin dog-like tail that was rounded at the end. Their legs were shorter in relation to their body length. In many ways, it resembled dogs, coyotes and jackals much আরো so than its Siberian নেকড়ে ancestors.

Although it is presently classified as a gray নেকড়ে subspecies, many argue that its physical differences are enough to consider the Honshu নেকড়ে to be its own species. Some believe it may not have even been a true wolf.


DIET
The Honshu নেকড়ে was known to have preyed on deer, wild boar, and smaller pests. Farmers praised the নেকড়ে for keeping down the number of জন্তু জানোয়ার that might otherwise damage their crops.
EXTINCTION
Honshu নেকড়ে were abundant in জাপান until 1732 when rabies was introduced to the island. It was rabies, deforestation of the wolf's habitat, and and conflict with humans that led to their extinction. The last specimen was officially killed in 1905 in Nara Prefecture on Honshu Island, Japan. Although there have been many sightings claimed since then, none of them have been verified. There are five mounted specimens known of today; three in Japan, one in the Netherlands, and the last officially killed specimen in a British Museum.

The Iberian Wolf
The grey নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus signatus was idenified দ্বারা Spanish zoologizt Angelus Cabrera in 1907. Though many taxonomists do not recognize it, genetic work দ্বারা biologist Robert Wayne of UCLA suggests that it is a true subspecies.

HABITAT
The Iberian নেকড়ে inhabits the forests and plains of the northwestern part of Spain, the northeastern শীর্ষ of Portugal, and a few isolated areas in the Sierra Morena, Spain. Over 50 percent of the Iberian নেকড়ে reside in Northern Castilla y Len.

CHARACTERISTICS
Iberian নেকড়ে are of medium size with a thinner build than the average Eurasian wolf. Males can weigh as much as 90 pounds and females are usually 75 to 80 percent the size of males. Their কোট will vary in color from a lighter grey অথবা ochre in the warmer months to a darker reddish brown during the winter. The name signatus (meaning marked) was derived from white marks on the wolf's upper lips, and dark marks on the tail and front legs.

DIET
The Iberian wolf's diet will greatly vary depending on exactly where they are. নেকড়ে of Cantabria may feed on red deer, roe deer, and wild বরাহ while the নেকড়ে of Galicia will feed partially on remains from chicken and pig farms. The নেকড়ে of Castilla y Len are believed to feed largely on rabbits. Overall, their main উৎস of nuitrition comes from livestock. Much of this livestock used to be carrion. However, since the banning of leaving dead জন্তু জানোয়ার in the field because of the fear of mad cow's disease, the নেকড়ে have turned to killing আরো মেষ and cows.


BREEDING
Like most other gray wolves, Iberian নেকড়ে breed only the alpha male and female in order to maintain the strength of the pack. Female নেকড়ে can usually begin breeding at one year, but don't fully mature until they reach 5 years. Breeding season is at the end of winter. The liter is usually 5 অথবা 6 pups that are looked after দ্বারা the entire pack until autumn when they যোগদান in with the others. They must be protected from eagle owls and golden eagles for the first few weeks.


STATUS
The Iberian নেকড়ে once inhabited the vast majority of the Iberian Peninsula. However throughout the 1950s and 1960s, the নেকড়ে of Spain became officially recognized as pests দ্বারা the Spanish government who offered a bounty for dead wolves. The wolves' number decreased to as few as 400 to 500 and they were classified as endangered.

Hunting of নেকড়ে has since been banned in Portugal and many parts of Spain. Their number has been estimated at about 2,000 in Spain and another 400 in Portugal. Their সামগ্রিক state has upgraded from endangered to vulnerable. However, the নেকড়ে of Sierra Morena are classified as critically endangered, and the Extremaduran populations are believed to be extinct. নেকড়ে have over the years become very wary of people, and actual sightings of নেকড়ে in the wild are, therefore, rare.

The Iranian Wolf
The Iranian নেকড়ে was identified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus pallipes in 1931 দ্বারা ornithologist William Henry Sykes. Because of their overlapping habitat and physical similarities, the Iranian নেকড়ে and Indian নেকড়ে were for a long time recognized as one and the same.

HABITAT
The habitat of Iranian নেকড়ে varies from arid desert regions to dense scrub forests. They can be found in the Middle East and Southwest Asia; আরো specifically, Northern Israel, Saudi Arabia, Afghanistan, Turkey Pakistan, and Iran.

CHARACTERISTICS
Because of such a variation between habitats, there is likewise a great variation in physical features and lifestyle among this one subspecies of wolf. Like the Indian wolf, Iranian নেকড়ে are smaller than নেকড়ে of Northern ইউরোপ and North America. Iranian নেকড়ে vary from 25 to 40 inches in height, and weigh from 55 to 70 pounds. Because of the drier and harsher climate, their পশম is a short light-grey with either little অথবা no undercoat. Just like many other creatures of the desert, Iranian নেকড়ে have large ears to disperse body heat.


DIET
Iranian নেকড়ে may be found in packs of 5 to 15. নেকড়ে in harsher climates may hunt in pairs অথবা even individually, depending on availability of prey. They feed on a number of small mammals such as rats, squirrels, mongooses, and ground birds such as partridges, quails, jungle fowl, and lapwings.

BREEDING
Mating occurs during winter. To help maintain the strength of the pack, just the dominant pair mates. The mother usually gives birth to 3 to 5 pups. Both the male and female look after pups until they are 6 months old.

STATUS
Iranian নেকড়ে are forced to share their habitat and prey with an encroaching human population. They are viewed as a threat দ্বারা many people. Just like the Arabian wolf, the Iranian নেকড়ে is threatened দ্বারা interbreeding with domestic dogs. Its life span is from 16 to 20 years in captivity, and 8 to15 years in the wild.

The Italian Wolf
The Italian Wolf, also known as the Apennine Wolf, was originally described in 1921 as subspecies Canis lupus italicus of the common grey নেকড়ে দ্বারা Italian zoologist Joseph Altobello. However, in 1999 it was recognized as a species distinct from Canis lupus. There is presently a dispute over whether the Canis lupus italicus is a grey নেকড়ে subspecies অথবা an actual species of its own, Canis italicus.

HABITAT
The Italian নেকড়ে is found mainly in the Apennine Mountains in Italy. They have been found dwelling within 25 miles of Rome. Semi-recently, they have implanted themselves in Southern France, and areas of Switzerland.

CHARACTERISTICS
দ্বারা grey নেকড়ে standards, the Italian নেকড়ে is considered a medium sized subspecies. Their body size varies from 39 to 55 inches in length and weighs 53 to 88 pounds. Females are roughly 10 percent smaller than males. Italian নেকড়ে are usually a mix of grey and brown. Though rarely seen, black নেকড়ে have been sighted in the Mugello region and the Tuscan-Emilian Apennines.

DIET
Italian নেকড়ে are known to hunt at night, feeding mainly on both medium and small sized জন্তু জানোয়ার such as wild boar, roe deer, and red deer, chamois, elk, hares, and rabbits. They will also feed on plants, berries, and herbs for fiber. When around the suburb, নেকড়ে will feed on garbage, livestock and domestic animals.

Because of the rarity of large prey, নেকড়ে packs in Italy are often smaller, comprised of just a reproducing pair and a few young.


BREEDING
Young নেকড়ে usually stay with their birth family until they are old enough to start their own family. Mating season usually occurs around the middle of March. Gestation will then last for 60 days, after which the mother gives birth to anywhere from 2 to 7 pups.

STATUS
দ্বারা the end of the 1920's, নেকড়ে throughout the alps and Sicily were annihilated. Their number was also severely reduced in the Appennine regions, all from fierce persecutions. The নেকড়ে population in Italy continued to decrease until the early 1970's when Luigi Boitani and Eric Zimen took on a study of the নেকড়ে in the Abruzzo Mountains, east of Rome. As a result, the World Conservation Union expressed great interest in the wolf, listing it in the IUCN's Red Data Book of endangered species. The italian নেকড়ে population in the wild has since increased to between 500 and 600 and is estimated to be growing দ্বারা 7 percent annually.

Their largest apparent threat at present is a large number of wolf-dog hybrids altering the genetic integrity of the Italian wolf. A captive breeding program has been started দ্বারা biologists. However, further controls on the number of domestic সারমেয় are badly needed.

The Steppe Wolf
The steppe নেকড়ে was classified as gray নেকড়ে subspecies Canis lupus campestris in 1804 দ্বারা Russian scientist Ivan Dwigubski. It is also known as the Caspian Sea নেকড়ে and the Caucasian wolf. Most taxonomists recognize the Canis lupus campestris, Canis lupus bactrianus, Canis lupus cubanensis, and the Canis lupus desertorum as being one and the same subspecies. The steppe নেকড়ে is commonly mistaken as being Canis lupus chanco which is the Tibetan নেকড়ে অথবা Mongolian wolf.


HABITAT
The historic range of the steppe নেকড়ে is in the countries surrounding the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. Today, it exists only in a remote area in the extreme south-western portion of Russia that borders the northern half of the Caspian Sea.

CHARACTERISTICS
Steppe নেকড়ে usually come in desert রঙ to blend into their surroundings. They are not white as are many আরো northerly Siberian wolves. Caspian sea নেকড়ে usually weigh up to 88 pounds, having short coats that display shades of gray with rust অথবা brown and black hairs over their back with a poorly furred tail.


DIET
They eat almost every animal they can catch. নেকড়ে usually hunt in packs, but the steppe নেকড়ে will hunt on its own when খাবার (especially large prey) is scarce. The steppe নেকড়ে usually feeds on herd animals, rodents, and fish. When খাবার is scarce, it may also eat berries and other fruits.



Though they usually eat almost every animal they can catch, both packs and lone steppe নেকড়ে have been known to occasionally kill আরো than they are capable of feeding on, especially Caspian seals. They are also liable to hunt domestic জন্তু জানোয়ার of nomadic families at any time দিন অথবা night. They hunt when they are hungry but if they are not successful they can go without খাবার for several weeks.

BREEDING
Like most other wolves, mating is usually between the dominant pair of the pack. Breeding usually occurs between January and April. After about 63 days, the mother will give birth to 4 to 7 pups which the entire pack usually takes part in raising.

STATUS
The Canis lupus campestris has been hunted as a nuisance for years. It is listed as endangered in the Mongolian Red তালিকা of Mamals (2007), and can now only be found in a far south-western part of Russia along the Caspian Sea.

The Tibetan Wolf
The Canis lupus chanco was identified as a subspecies of the gray নেকড়ে in 1863 দ্বারা British zoologist John Edward Gray. It is also known as the Canis lupus chance, Canis lupsu laniger, the Tibetan wolf, Mongolian wolf, and Chinese wolf. For a long time, the Tibetan নেকড়ে and the Himalayan নেকড়ে were recognized as one and the same. However, সাম্প্রতিক genetic studies suggest the Himalayan নেকড়ে to be a distinct species, the Canis himalayensis.

HABITAT
The Tibetan নেকড়ে can be found in central China, the Manschurai, the jungles and deserts of Mongolia, North Sikkim, Tibet, south-western Russia, the Himalayan regions of India, Nepal and Bhutan.

CHARACTERISTICS
The size of the Tibetan নেকড়ে can vary from 58 to 65 inches (from nose to end of tail) and from 27 to 30 inches high, weighing from 65 to 70 pounds. Compared to the common European wolf, they are slightly larger, with shorter legs. Their skull is similar with a longer thinner muzzle. This "wooly wolf" has a long shaggy কোট which seasonally varies in color, usually a blend of white, yellow, brown, grey, and black.


DIET
The Tibetan নেকড়ে is an amazing hunter with excellent survival skills. It is known to hunt both during the দিন and at night either alone অথবা in packs. Its preferred prey includes deer, blue sheep, and other large mammals. When খাবার becomes scarce, it will feed on smaller জন্তু জানোয়ার like marmots, hares, ground squirrel, and mice. When hunting, the নেকড়ে can reach speeds up to 40 mph.

BREEDING
The Tibetan নেকড়ে reaches sexual maturity in it's সেকেন্ড year. Breeding season usually occurs in the Spring. To maintain strength of the pack, only the dominant male and female breed. Two months later, four to six pups are born weighing roughly one pound each. At three to four weeks they will leave the den. They are nurtured দ্বারা their mother for two to three months after which they begin to tag along with their parents hunting.. In the wild, they live anywhere from six to ten years. They can long as twenty years in captivity.

STATUS
Endangered, Schedule I, (1991).

The তুন্দ্রা Wolf
The তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে Canis lupus albus is one of the largest subspecies of the gray wolf. It was classified as a subspecies দ্বারা Robert Kerr in 1792.

HABITAT
The তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে can be found throughout Northern ইউরোপ and Asia from Northern Finland to the Kamchatka Peninsula, from the far north of Russia into the Arctic. They primarily reside in the northern arctic and boreal regions of Russia roughly between 65 and 71 degrees latitude.Although they were eliminated from some of the Arctic islands north of Siberia, they have been recently seen on Wrangle Island.

CHARACTERISTICS
The তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে can measure up to 7 feet in length from nose to end of tail. There have been unconfirmed reports of some weighing as much as 220 pounds. However, on average, তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে weigh from 100 to 125 pounds. Their height can be anywhere from 28 to 38 inches.

Most have coats that are a combination of grey, black, rust, and silver grey. They are known to have long thick coats with dense underfur, and are often hunted for them. The average life span is approximately 16 years.


DIET
They primarily prey on large mammals like deer, wapiti, moose, caribou, bison, musk ox and mountain sheep. Because catching large জন্তু জানোয়ার is not a daily occurrence, an adult তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে may eat up to 20 pounds in one feeding. Contrary to the belief that নেকড়ে target mainly infirm creatures, research of নেকড়ে in Eurasia has shown that in some cases, up to 93% of their targeted prey have no physical অথবা mental hindrance.

BREEDING
Breeding season is usually late March through April, reasonably later in the বছর than for most নেকড়ে because of the high latitude of the তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে habitat. During this time, females are in heat for 5 to 15 days. After mating, gestation period for the female is 62 to 63 days, after which she gives birth to usually between 2 and 6 pups.

STATUS
Like many other species, the তুন্দ্রা Wolf's greatest enemies are loggers and hunters. In Russia and a number of former Soviet states, নেকড়ে can still be killed in any number without a permit, at any time of the year, using whatever methods are handy. Regional governments and hunting societies have even offered bounties of up to $190 for each নেকড়ে slain.

নেকড়ে have long symbolized treachery in Russian folk tales, and নেকড়ে hunting has been part of village culture for centuries. These attitudes are still well-entrenched. তুন্দ্রা নেকড়ে have only recently been seen on Wrangle Island after having been totally eliminated from a number of the Arctic Islands north of Siberia. They have been classed as 'Least Concern'.

The Egyptian Jackal
W.F. Hemprich and C.G. Ehrenberg first recognized the Egyptian jackal's similarity to the Canis lupus in 1833. Hence, it was প্রদত্ত the name Canis lupaster. As early as 1880, biologist Thomas Huxley stated that the Egyptian jackal looked suspiciously like a gray wolf. It has most recently been classed as a subspecies of the Golden Jackal Canis aureus lupaster in 1926 দ্বারা Ernst Schwarz.

Fairly সাম্প্রতিক studies of this Egyptian jackal have shown morphological differences from other subspecies and features that relate it আরো to the Canis lupus species. However, because data from the studies was very scarce, the conclusion was to retain the Egyptian Jackal as a Canis aureus subspecies. Should it ever be found to be a Canis lupus subspecies, it will be the only gray নেকড়ে known to be in Africa.

HABITAT
The Canis aureus lupaster also known as Egyptian নেকড়ে can be found only in Northern Egypt, the Ethiopian highlands, and Northeastern Libya. It's possible that they might still be in Saudi Arabia, but hunting has drastically reduced their numbers.

CHARACTERISTICS
Appearing large for a jackal, the Egyptian নেকড়ে measures from 51 to 64 inches in length from tip of it's nose to end of it's tail, stands 16 to 20 inches at shoulder height and weighs anywhere from 22 to 35 pounds. It is rather thin with a কোট which is usually tinged gray, beige অথবা a dirty yellow. It is often discribed as lanky and might appear as reasonalbly heavier than it's actual weight. It is larger and longer limbed than other subspecies of the Jackal, though smaller than the Arabian Wolf.


These নেকড়ে are দ্বারা and large nocturnal. Like other dogs, they'll usually bark when excited অথবা growl when irritated. They often bark when excited and growl when annoyed. They usually howl and অথবা yelp calling out to each other just after dark and just before sunrise. They'll give an occasional bark. They are very sociable and usually live in either packs অথবা আরো often pairs.

DIET
The Egyptian jackal is an omnivorous creature, feeding on everything from insects, snails, fish, chickens, young goats, sheep, birds and carrion as well as melons and corn.

BREEDING
Mating occurs in early Spring, with a gestation of about two months. They will usually have about four অথবা five pups. Though, they have on record had as many as eight.

STATUS
It had been listed as critically endangered দ্বারা the International Union for Conservation of Nature. Then suddenly in January of 2011, it was no longer listed anywhere দ্বারা the IUCN. There may be no আরো than forty in the world.

The Ethiopian Wolf
The Ethiopian wolf, also known the Abyssinian নেকড়ে অথবা Simien Jackal, is believed দ্বারা some scientists not to be a true wolf. However, DNA studies প্রদর্শনী it to be আরো closely related to gray নেকড়ে and coyotes than to any other African canines. It is the most endangered canine species in Africa, and, among wolves, its rarity is সেকেন্ড only to the red wolf.

It inhabits only a few mountain pockets of the Ethiopian highlands. There is believed to be fewer than 450 alive in the wild. The largest concentration of Ethiopian নেকড়ে exist in the Bale Mountains National Park. The people living in the Bale Mountains own on average 2 সারমেয় per household in order to protect their livestock. Although the wolves' habitat has constantly dwindled as a result of human encroachment, its greatest threat of extinction is a recurring epidemic of rabies which is transmitted from domestic সারমেয় with whom the নেকড়ে compete for food.

The Ethiopian নেকড়ে has long legs and a long muzzle, resembling the coyote in both shape and size. It has a distinctive reddish কোট with a white throat, chest, and underparts, broad pointed ears, and a thick bushy black tail with a white base. It ranges in size from 43 to 55 inches (tip of nose to end of tail) and weighs from 24 to 42 pounds.

দ্বারা nature, the Ethiopian নেকড়ে hunts দ্বারা day, but it is found to sometimes be nocturnal in areas where it is persecuted. Though they live in packs which share and defend their territories, they almost always hunt alone. Rodents make up over 90% of their diet, but they occasionally feed on small antelopes, hares, and hyraxes.

Breeding season usually occurs between August and November. During breeding season and pregnancy, the female's কোট turns a pale yellowish color and her tail turns brownish and loses hair. The dominant female of the pack gives birth to a litter of 2 to 7 pups between October and January. Full maturity is reached at 2 years.

The only real predators other than humans are spotted hyenas and tawny eagles that occasionally prey on unattended pups. Life span in the wild is about 8 to 10 years.

The Indian Wolf
For a long time, it was believed that the Indian নেকড়ে was a gray নেকড়ে subspecies and was recognized as the Canis lupus pallipes, the same as the Iranian Wolf. However, সাম্প্রতিক genetic research suggests that the Indian নেকড়ে has not cross-bred with any other subspecies in over 400,000 years which would make it a separate species of it's own, the Canis indica. The Canis lupus pallipes would then refer to the নেকড়ে from the Arabian peninsula, Afghanistan, and Pakistan, but not India.

HABITAT
The Indian নেকড়ে is adapted to scrublands, grasslands, and semi-arid pastoral environments. It is found mainly in the Indian states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh. Its territories range from 100 to 150 square miles. Much of t